Language B Extended Essay Topics - the Story

<h1> Language B Extended Essay Topics - the Story</h1> <p>Therefore, if there's any motivation behind why you can't have your all-encompassing exposition composed on time yourself, you should simply put in your request on our site, and leave the rest to us! It is important that the inquiry picked is constrained in scope empowering them to look at about the issue or issue inside and out. Your theme ought to have basic assessment on issue about applicable strategies, contentions and speculations of a couple of subjects. In most of cases understudies are gone up against with a test of handling a theme and they're in problem on which point to compose on. </p> <h2>Finding Language B Extended Essay Topics Online </h2> <p>A extended article composing is basic necessity for those understudies taking ib programs. Reflections Writing relections is a huge part of the Extended Essay procedure and they're remotely assessed. 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Importance of Using an Essay Proposal Format Sample

Importance of Using an Essay Proposal Format SampleWriting an essay proposal can be frustrating and daunting task, especially if you have no idea how to write a standard essay proposal. All the materials that you need to be included in the proposal are very important. You should therefore use a template for your essay proposal, so that you will have something to work with.There are a number of ways on how to write an essay proposal. You may need to employ several approaches to create a proposal that will garner a lot of attention from your prospective employer. It would be a waste if you would just send out a standard proposal that contains nothing but a standard outline of the project.If you are going to be employing a template for your proposal, it would help if you know exactly what you want to offer. You should clearly state the benefits of the company, so that they can easily understand your offer. To do this, you need to look at some samples of proposal samples that are commonl y used by many organizations.You can use the samples to illustrate how you would outline the company. The sample plans that you would use would basically contain only a few pages, since most of the plan is usually done on a single page. When you are writing your own proposal, you will need to make sure that you have an ample amount of pages so that you can outline the entire company in one go. Having too few pages would be a waste of time.You should take note of the format of your presentation documents as well. You need to make sure that you have an outline, business plan, and the rest of the basic requirements. You can consider using an outline as your template for the proposal.You should make a layout and proceed from there. Your template will basically contain information about the company that you are offering, as well as any basic information that are required for the new company. You will need to include your contact details, list of customers, the amount of money that you ar e willing to pay, and more.In addition to your detailed information, you will also need to have a description of the company's vision. Your template should also be developed to give you an idea of how you can present your proposal. You should consider creating some short videos and showing them in the proposal that you are going to submit.By using a template for your proposal format, you will be able to avoid any serious problems regarding grammar and spelling. However, if you find that the proposal is just not working for you, you will also need to look at the essay proposal format sample that you are using. You should be able to easily follow the sample instructions.

A Review of Wild and Brooks Essay Writing

A Review of Wild and Brooks Essay WritingWild and Brooks are the latest creation of the author, Ernest Marzen. His first work was the It's All in the Game Club, which introduces many current baseball writers to the game of baseball and gives them the insight that they need in order to write about the sport and the teams that play it.This time around, Wild and Brooks tell a story with a beginning, middle and end. For example, the book begins with a local story of two high school baseball players who both enjoy the game of baseball. One of them, though, is constantly told by his teammates that he is just not cut out for the team because he's too short.Soon after, however, this young player becomes one of the team's captain. What follows is a story of high school baseball stars who can't seem to break into the big leagues for one reason or another.The different aspects of the story are covered in detail and provide the reader with a clear picture of what is going on in the lives of the characters. The sports writers that work with Wild and Brooks greatly benefit from this. The easy flow of this type of essay writing allows them to be able to include much information within their piece, especially when they're able to relate to the reader on a personal level.The strength of Wild and Brooks essay writing is that the plot of the story is based on many real life situations that have happened to those involved in the story. They can weave it all together into a compelling storyline that can be as fun to read as it is to write.Most writers find that Wild and Brooks really focus on some of the more difficult parts of the craft. The game of baseball and sports in general is very challenging, but when you can understand how the people involved feel, it makes your writing that much more enjoyable.In the past, writers have really found that they benefit more from reading some of the old, classic writing, but that wasn't really the case anymore. Because of this, they have bee n looking for more modern, up to date pieces of writing to use in their pieces and Wild and Brooks is a great choice for a new author.Wild and Brooks are an easy way to get a handle on essay writing, whether you are a professional writer or a novice who wants to learn. Even if you are not a professional writer, you will find that this style of writing will offer you plenty of ways to make it easier to capture the experience of the written word for your readers.

What Everybody Dislikes About Praxis Writing Essay Topics and Why

What Everybody Dislikes About Praxis Writing Essay Topics and Why What You Should Do to Find Out About Praxis Writing Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind The exam covers the subsequent categories. Mometrix Test Preparation offers whatever you will need to get ready for the Praxis test. The PRAXIS CORE doesn't take mathematical concepts beyond the center school level, and therefore you don't need to fret about knowing Calculus or Trigonometry. Mometrix provides a completely free Praxis practice test. A number of the question types incorporate numeric entry and drag-and-drop. Some topics request that you write about contemporary difficulties. You might even feel underinformed on the problem. Read the topic carefully to make sure you are correctly addressing the matter or situation. The Importance of Praxis Writing Essay Topics You are requested to draw upon your own personal experience and observations for information, examples, and generalizations to be utilized in you r writing. 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Seventh-graders utilize every phase of the writing procedure and c ontinue to construct their understanding of writing conventions. Select the one which you find interesting enough and delight in the writing process! Some parts of the passage must be strengthened through editing and revision. What You Should Do to Find Out About Praxis Writing Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Write a response in which you discuss what questions would want to get answered to be able to choose whether the recommendation will probably have the predicted outcome. You will have to make yourself focus only on the point you want to make and discard any irrelevant details during the revision procedure. Currently, don't make extensive alterations. Determine the essence of the issue. Praxis Writing Essay Topics Ideas There are lots of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the authentic list of the very best. 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Double-check to learn how much space you've got to compose your essay. Strategies for writing essays differ according to the aim of the piece. For an essay in actual life, you would most likely want to use over two sources to produce your essay stronger. You may discover, however, that only a couple of middle paragraphs are sufficient to completely develop your thesis. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are particular components of a very good essay that apply to an essay written for any objective. One of the greatest things you can do in order to make certain you're prepared to take the Praxis writing test is to practice writing essays. There are a few commonalities across all the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the fact which every task asks you to examine some type of argument and analyze it. Maybe you haven't employed the proper approach in the paragraph. 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INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT - 2924 Words

INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT â€Å"Managers must recognize the values that they share with the people of other cultures in order to understand the values of those cultures different from their own.† Dr. Ian Lawrence. Leads Metropolitan University. Date: 15/06/2014 For Nakib Ahmed Business Management 104 By-Vishwas Kolla Prakash, Vivek Patel, Selina Szito and Shivudu Godda. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Intercultural management is also called as cross cultural management. It is very important to know about other cultures where diversity exists as it helps companies run rewarding efficient, effective and highly productive organizations. There are many aspects of intercultural management that have direct and significant impacts on both employees’†¦show more content†¦One critical objective is to get employees to mirror organizational culture so that there is no misalignment, gaps and disconnects. Everything must work in sync and in harmony for the organization stability and survivability demographics continually change, therefore organization must be flexible and ready to address that change. To not address the change would put the organization itself at risk of future failure. Today organization must understand that if there is anything that is stead-fast and unchanging, it is change itself. Change is inevitable and change always occurs. How organizations deal with t hat change can determine success or failure. Cultural management is key to success. Certainly, this is an excellent answer. Increasing an organizations cultural intelligence is not an easy task. In this paper we have used the historical background of Management cultures in India, China, U.K and U.S. It also highlights the various cross cultural problems and adjustments which the company has to make in order to succeed in. The Conclusion has been drawn after the extensive research in different cross cultural areas where making a small adjustment will make a big difference. To support our research we have used various models which have been discussed by the famous author’s like Rosenzweig and F. T. Anbari It also highlights the implications of these cultural differences on management and team member’s practices. 4. ASPECTS OF INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT ManagementShow MoreRelatedIntercultural Management2155 Words   |  9 PagesTopic Review: General Management Effective cross-cultural management has to be grounded in a detailed knowledge of individual cultures. Discuss using examples from two multinational companies. I/ Introduction: In times of rapid globalisation and economic development growth, the environment of business has become more and more complicated as a huge number of firms want to globally expand their businesses. Subsequently, the managerial implications of cross-cultural management is the challengeRead MoreIntercultural Management594 Words   |  2 PagesIntercultural management A global manager has to consult with the legal services in order to comply with the host countries legal parameters. This is imperative for long-term relationship between such corporations and the host countrys government. This enables managers of international corporations to find legal recourse incase a problem arises. Such problems can only be addressed through local interpretation and enforcement. There are a few exceptions in countries like China where financial andRead MoreA Motivation Letter to Apply for a Master in Intercultural Management and Leadership743 Words   |  3 Pages Motivation Letter â€Å"Studying for a Master in Intercultural Management Leadership – What is in it for me?† In everyones life there comes a time to make important decisions that determine our future. 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Therefore, cultural diversityRead MoreIntercultural Management Hierarchy vs Equality Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesIntercultural Management Hierarchy vs. Equality In hierarchical societies the unequal distribution of power, ro les and resources is legitimate. Individuals are socialized to comply with obligations and roles according to their hierarchical position in society and are sanctioned if they do not (see pic1). In egalitarian cultures, individuals are seen as moral equals and are socialized to internalize a commitment to voluntary cooperation with others and to be concerned with others welfare (seeRead MoreIntercultural Conflict Management Style ( Chen And Starosta, 1997-8 )1401 Words   |  6 Pagesthree aspects of culture, including cultural context, language differences, and thought patterns, that influence conflict management style (Chen and Starosta, 1997-8). It is important to understand which cultural aspects of communication pattern may be at play when having conflict. 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Usually it is defined as a state of ‘harmony’ – and this state is emphasized byRead MoreImpact Of Communication On Cross Cultural Communication911 Words   |  4 Pagestrained in cultural differences run the risk of ruining a business deal or relationship. Mukherjee and Ramos-Salazar (2014) mentioned, â€Å"The key to global business success depends on effective cross-cultural etiquette and global workforce diversity management† (p.18). Companies that understand differences between cultures have a competitive advantage over others. Communication is important to any company and communication between cultur es has â€Å"invisible barriers† (Guang Trotter). These barriers includeRead MoreI Have Learned More About Myself By Exposing Myself Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pagesof intercultural communication competence include three perspectives: affective or intercultural sensitivity, which means to acknowledge and respect cultural differences, cognitive or intercultural awareness which is self-awareness of one’s own personal cultural identity and understanding how cultures vary and the last perspective is behavioral or intercultural adroitness which consist of message skills, knowledge of appropriate self-disclosure, behavioral flexibility, interaction management, andRead MoreIntercultural Management: Analysis and Examples of Leadership Styles Across Cultures476 Words   |  2 PagesIntercultural Management Introduction The characteristics of effective leaders vary significantly across regional and national boundaries, yet despite these differences there are shared common traits all share. 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MUsic and its violence Essay Example For Students

MUsic and its violence Essay Discussion centers on the potential role of lyric content on aggression in short-term settings, relation to catharsis and other media violence domains, development of aggressive resonators, differences between long-term and short-term effects, and possible mitigating factors. As by behaving in symbolically aggressive ways. Though the aggression catharsis hypothesis has been thoroughly explored and debunked in several entertainment media domains, there has been relatively little work on the effects of songs with violent lyrics on aggression-related variables such as aggressive thoughts and feelings. Someone told me once that theres a right and wrong. Punishment was cure for those who dare cross the line. But it must not be true for Jerk-offs Just like you. And maybe its Just bullwhip. I should play god and shoot you myself. ?Tool, Jerk-off (1992) As evidenced by the creation of the Parents Music Resource Center and the policy of labeling music products containing violent lyrics, many people are concerned with potential deleterious effects of listening to songs with violent lyrics. An accumulating MUsic and its violence By Unsung_gods_eye exposure to violent media is causally related to subsequent expression of aggression in both short- and long-term time frames (e. G. , Anderson Bushman, AAA; Borrowing, 1993; Bushman Anderson, 2001). The vast majority of this research has soused on violent television and movies (Houseman Miller, 1994). Recently, a small but relatively consistent research literature has shown that short-term exposure to violent video games causes increases in aggression and aggression-related variables (Anderson Bushman, 2001). Nonetheless, there remains among the general population and many practitioners a very strong belief in the age-old catharsis hypothesis?the belief that experiencing and expressing aggressive emotions and thoughts will decrease subsequent aggressive thoughts, feelings, and emotions (Bushman, 2002; Bushman, Bandmaster, Stack, 1999). This ancient Greek idea, later popularized by Brewer and Freud (1893-1895/1955) and now usually labeled venting, states that aggressive impulses can be reduced by watching, reading, or singing about anger and aggression as well Media Differences There are numerous differences between watching violent television, playing violent video games, and listening to popular music. One is the lack of a video component to audio-only music. Another is that aggressive lyrical content of popular music is often discernible only to the most attentive of listeners, whereas videotaped media including music videos) make their violent content abundantly and graphically clear. Some rock music songs have such garbled lyrics that they have given rise to debates about what the lyrics are (e. G. , Lie, Lie; Nina-Gouda-Dad-Vida; see Marsh, 1993). A third difference concerns attention. A large proportion of time spent listening to music involves paying attention to the music (not the lyrics) or to other tasks. Thus, effects of violent lyrics may generally be attenuated (relative to video-based media violence) simply because the lyrics are not processed by the listeners. Nonetheless, there are valid reasons to worry about potentially harmful effects of violent music lyrics. Numerous studies have shown that aggressive words can prime aggressive thoughts, perceptions, and behavior (e. G. , Anderson, Benjamin, Bartholomew, 1998; Barge, Chin, Barrows, 1996; Barge Potentiometer, 1982). Indeed, such effects can occur even when the stimulus has not been consciously recognized (e. . , Barge et al. , 1996, Experiment 3). Furthermore, listeners are capable of recognizing themes of music (I. E. , violence, sex, suicide, and Satanism) even when it is difficult to comprehend specific lyric content (Hansen Hansen, 991). Additionally, music stimuli are played repeatedly, both by radio stations as well as by listeners themselves. Craig A. Anderson and Nicholas L. Carnage, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University; Jeanie Banks, Texas Department of Human Services, Austin, Texas. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Craig A. Anderson, Department of Psychology, WI 12 Allegorical Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa EXPOSURE TO SONGS WITH VIOLENT LYRICS Another difference between video-based entertainment and music concerns the amount of imagination needed or allowed to fill in details of the story being told. The lack of visual images in music both allows and requires listeners to imagine details. Concrete images probably play a major role in transfer of ideas from the video world to ones own real-world situations. When ones video antagonists are similar to ones real antagonists, violent solutions modeled in the video world are more likely to be attempted in the real world than when the video antagonists are dissimilar (Bandeau, 1986; Borrowing, 1993; Gene, 1990). The lack of concrete images in violent music may well allow listeners to imagine audio antagonists similar to real-world antagonists. Thus, there are reasons to expect violent-lyric songs to be either more or less influential than violent video materials. The present article reports five experiments testing the hypothesis that brief exposure to songs with violent lyrics can increase two variables that are key mediators of situational influences on aggression: aggressive cognitions and aggressive affect. In the next section, we briefly review the existing research literature. Then we show why the general aggression model (GAME; Anderson Bushman, 2001; Anderson Houseman, in press) suggests a focus on aggressive cognitions and affect. 961 Han students who preferred other genres of music, such as alternative, adult contemporary, dance-soul, or country. Listeners to heavy metal music held more negative attitudes toward women. Rap music fans were more distrustful. Similarly, Took and Weiss (1994) found a correlation between preference for rap and heavy metal music and below-average academic performance, school behavior problems, drug use, arrests, and sexual activity. Still other studies have found correlations between music type preferences and a variety of maladaptive behaviors but have not specifically linked lyric preferences to those behaviors. For a recent review, see Roberts, Christenson, Gentile, in press. Experimental Studies of Music Without Video Music Without Lyrics McFarland (1984) looked at the effects of exposure to tense, calm, or no-background music (without lyrics) on the emotional content of stories written for the Thematic Apperception Test. Participants who heard tense music wrote the most unpleasant stories. Like the music video studies, these results tell us little about lyric effects. However, they indicate t hat research on lyrics must control for effects of type of music. Past Music Research Music With Lyrics Several field and laboratory experiments have examined effects of aggressive music videos. Waite, Hildebrand, and Foster (1992) observed a significant decrease in aggressive behavior on a forensic inpatient ward after removal of Music Television (MAT). Peterson and Post (1989) found that exposing males to neurotic violent music videos led to a significant increase in adversarial sexual beliefs and negative affect. Johnson, Jackson, and Goat (1995) found that males who had been randomly assigned to view violent rap music videos became more accepting of the use of violence in dealing with interpersonal problems. Related research found that males and females exposed to violent rap music videos became more accepting of teen dating violence Monsoons, Adams, Suborn, Reed, 1995). College students exposed to rock music videos with antisocial themes produced a greater acceptance of antisocial behavior (Hansen Hansen, 1990). Students were also more likely to accept stereotypic sex-role behavior after being exposed to music videos that displayed similar behavior (Hansen, 1989; Hansen Hansen, 1988). Music piracy copyright law EssayWe solicited suggestions from students from the same undergraduate population for pairs of contemporary rock songs that had the following characteristics. One song had to have clearly violent content, whereas the other had to have no (or minimal) violent content. Both had to be understandable, the same type (e. G. , both hard rock or both soft rock), and about the same length. Finally, we wanted both songs to be by the same group. We used two songs, each about 5 min long, by the group Tool: Jerk- Off (violent; Tool, 1992, from the album Opiate) and Four Degrees (nonviolent; Tool, 1993, from the album Undertow). Procedure After reading and signing a consent form, participants learned that the experiment involved how different songs affect performance on various tasks. They were to listen to a contemporary song, complete a couple of psychological tasks, and then answer a few questions about the song. Participants then listened to the assigned song, completed the State Hostility Scale (SSH; Anderson et al. , 1995), completed a longer unrelated task, and were debriefed. The SSH contains 35 sentences describing current feelings (either hostile or friendly). For example, two hostile items read, l feel like yelling at somebody and l feel rigorous. Respondents rate each sentence on a 5-point Liker-type scale (1 0 strongly disagree, 3 0 neither agree nor disagree, 5 0 strongly agree). The friendly items are reverse scored. The scale typically produces internal reliability estimates in the . 90 -. 95 range, but three items (l feel willful, l feel tender, l feel vexed) often show poor item-total corre lations. Willful displayed a low item-total correlation in the present study, so we dropped it. Coefficient alpha was . 96. Results and Discussion Sex was included in the analyses as a covariate rather than as another two-level factor. The 2 (song: violent vs.. Nonviolent) 0 2 (participant pool: volunteer vs.. Psychology) ANCHOVY yielded two statistically reliable effects. As predicted, the violent song produced higher levels of state hostility than did the nonviolent song (Ms 0 2. 60 and 2. 19, respectively), F(l, 54) 5. 97, MESS 0 0. 426, p O . 02. In addition, females reported higher levels of state hostility than males (MS 2. 62 and 2. 17, respectively), F(l, 54) 6. 71, MESS 0. 426, p O . 02. 2 This somewhat unusual finding is probably due to the fact that in our participant pool, females typically do not like hard rock music to the same extent as males. These results indicate that the violent content of rock songs can increase feelings of hostility when compared with similar but nonviolent rock music. It is important to absolute level of the SSH means reflect this lack of provocation. Experiment 2 Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1 in all respects except that the dependent variable was a measure of aggressive cognition. Sixty-one undergraduates (30 females, 31 males) participated either as volunteers or as a part of their introductory psychology class. The dependent variable was based on participants ratings of a large number of word airs from Bushman (1996). Bushman identified 10 words as clearly aggressive in meaning (blood, butcher, choke, fight, gun, hatchet, hurt, kill, knife, and wound) and 10 words as ambiguous in meaning, having both aggressive and nonaggression meanings (alley, animal, bottle, drugs, movie, night, police, red, rock, and stick). Bushman showed that people who score high on trait hostility tended to perceive relatively greater similarity of meaning between pairs of aggressive and ambiguous words (from these two lists) than do people who score low on trait hostility. We adapted Bushmans (1996) task in the following way. All possible pairs of these 20 words were presented to participants with instructions to rate each pair on how similar, associated, or related the paired words seemed to be. Ratings were made on 7-point scales anchored at 1 (not at all similar, associated, or related) and 7 (extreme- lay similar, associated, or related). We calculated three average similarity scores for each participant: aggressive-aggressive word pairs (45), aggressive-ambiguous word pairs (100), and ambiguous- ambiguous word pairs (45). Our reasoning and predictions were quite simple. If listening to violent lyrics increases the accessibility f aggressive thoughts in semantic memory, then ambiguous words will tend to be interpreted in a relatively more aggressive way, leading to relatively higher similarity ratings of aggressive-ambiguous pairs. This same semantic priming process might also increase the perceived similarity of aggressive-aggressive pairs and of ambiguous-ambiguous pairs, but these increases should be small relative to the violent song effect on aggressive-ambiguous pairs. We used the other two word-pair types as within-subject controls. Thus, we predicted violent (vs.. Nonviolent) song artisans to give larger similarity ratings of aggressive- ambiguous word pairs relative to their ratings of ambiguous-ambiguous and aggressive-aggressive word pairs. We computed a contrast score reflecting the main prediction. We averaged each participants aggressive-aggressive and ambiguous-ambiguous scores. From this control rating we then subtracted each persons aggressive-ambiguous score. On this contrast score, smaller scores indicate that the aggressive- ambiguous pairs were predicted that participants who heard the violent song would have significantly smaller contrast scores. An ANCHOVY was conducted on this contrast. The 2 (song: violent vs.. Nonviolent) 0 2 (subject pool: volunteer vs.. Introductory psychology) ANCHOVY yielded only one reliable effect, the predicted main effect of music lyric content, F(l, 56) 0 4. 24, MESS 0 0. 113, p O . 05. Table 1 presents the mean similarity ratings as a function of song and word-pair type. As can be seen in Table 1, the violent song led to higher similarity ratings for aggressive-ambiguous word pairs than did the nonviolent song; the mean similarity score increased by almost half of a scale point (0. 5) on a 7-point scale. The corresponding song effect on the control pairs (aggressive-aggressive and ambiguous-ambiguous) was much smaller; the mean similarity increase was Just slightly more than a quarter of a scale point (0. 27). As predicted, violent song participants had significantly smaller contrast scores. Figure 2 presents these results in a different way, clearly illustrating the violent-lyrics effect on agg ressive cognition. In sum, hearing a violent rock song led participants to interpret the meaning of ambiguous words such as rock and stick in an aggressive way. Nonetheless, for all studies, preliminary analyses explored the possibility of sex interactions. There were none, thereby satisfying the homogeneity of slopes assumption of analysis of covariance (ANCHOVY). 2 Unless otherwise indicated, reported means for all experiments are the appropriate least squares adjusted means, adjusted for other factors in the model such as sex and trait hostility. Significance levels are based on two-tailed tests. The astute reader will realize that each effect in this between-subjects analysis of variance is identical to the interaction of that effect with the repeated-measures factor control versus aggressive-ambiguous. Experiment 3 Overview and Design Broadening Aspects Experiment 3 was designed to broaden our tests in three ways. First, on the basis of a pilot study, we used a larger set of 4 violent and 4 nonviolent songs. Twenty-six female and 24 male college students listened to 10 rock songs and rated how violent each was on a unidirectional scale anchored at O (not at all) and 10 (extremely).

The Turing Test Was Designed By A Man Named Alan Turing In 1950. It Wa

The Turing Test was designed by a man named Alan Turing in 1950. It was initially called the imitation game. Originally, the test was designed to differentiate between males and females. It was played with three people?a man, a woman, and an interrogator. The interrogator would go into a separate room and try to determine who was the man and who was a woman by asking various questions such as How long is your hair? or Do you have an Adam's apple? Based on the answers to the participants' replies, the interrogator would decide who was the man and who was the woman. Often times this wasn't easy since the participants would be allowed to lie in order to try to throw the interrogator off. Turing went a step further with the imitation game idea by incorporating computers into it. He believed that in approximately fifty years (today's time) computers would be programmed to acquire abilities rivaling those of human intelligence. As part of his argument, Turing put forth the proposal in which a human being and a computer would be interrogated through textual messages by an interrogator who didn't know which was which. Ideally, if the interrogator were unable to distinguish them by questioning, then it would be unfair not to call the computer intelligent. Passing this test was considered regularly and reliably fooling an interrogator at least 50% of the time. Turing and Godwin both believed that anything that could pass the Turing Test was genuinely a thinking, intelligent being. In particular, they felt that passing the test illustrated that the computer had the ability to interact with humans by sensibly talking about topics that humans talked about. Also, passing the test according to Godwin reflected that the computer was able to understand how humans thought and interacted. Despite Turing and Godwin's obstinate belief that computers could think, many believed that this was not the case. In the book Can Animals and Machines Be Persons?, Goodman set out an objection called the Chinese-box argument. Essentially, a man (who had no knowledge of Chinese) would be placed in a box and textual messages similar to those found in the Turing Test would be displayed on the screen in either English or Chinese. Then, man inside the machine would give the appropriate responses in Chinese. Despite his lack of knowledge of Chinese, the man would be able to give responses by using a large Chinese Turing Test Crib Book. Ideally, the person inputting the questions would be unable to distinguish that man's Chinese from a native speaker's. That argument was extremely damaging. By describing the Chinese-box argument, Goodman was pointing out that externally it would seem that the man in the box understood both English and Chinese when in reality he wasn't thinking in Chinese the way he did in English ? he was really just translating the symbols he saw into different symbols. Fundamentally, computers did the same thing. They would translate their binary code into symbols which we could understand. To do so, they would use rules analagous to those found in the Chinese Turing Test Crib Book. Overall, the Chinese-box argument supported the idea that a computer could cleverly imitate thinking and understanding but could never be a real, literal thinker or person.